Quantity production

1820 received the Frenchman Charles Xavier Thomas (1785-1870) a French privilege (patent) for its calculating machine construction. After further attempts it began first series production of calculating machines around 1850 with the world. Thomas was a director of two insurance companies and operated his calculating machine production only besides. Up to its death 1870 its calculating machines were a subsidy business, the selling price were under the first cost.

About 1500 devices were manufactured from 1820 to 1878. Since from the start time admits only two calculating machines is, one should assume the actual emphasis of the quantity production lies in the second half of the 19-ten of century.

The calculating machines carried the name and functioned according to the relay roller principle with an adjustable carriage. They functioned reliably, were however at its time high technology and could only in Paris be waited and repaired.

By the availability of calculating machines slowly also a market for numeric computations developed. So enterprises could for the first time weekly or daily balance, engineers could beside the slide rule also algebraic procedures use.

1876 designed the Swede Willgodt Theophil Odhner (1845-1905) a Sprossenradmaschine, whose building principle served the later European sprocket wheel machine industry than model.

To design its own calculating machine the allocation of the common land, which was assigned to the 1861 released farmers, supplied the drive. On an art and an industrial show 1866 in Stockholm he had learned the calculating machine "“Calculator"” of the Swedish mechanic A.J. Petersson to know, a machine, which contains a central Staffelwalze as the first. This was demonstrated 1873 on the world exhibition in Vienna. Copies exist in the Technorama Winterthur (incomplete) and in the technical museum Stockholm.

The then available Thomas machines were according to its opinion too with difficulty to get and in addition not handily enough. Its machine should small, simply, to serve and be inexpensive easily. Since 1874 it concerned with the building of one with the existing machine tools sprocket wheel calculating machine which can be manufactured and probably finished themselves 1876 the first machine.

On 19 November 1878 the business partner received the German patent No. 7393 from Odhner, a certain king mountain. In the year 1879 Odhner received the Swedish patent No. 123 and the Russian patent No. 2329 on its construction. Odhner did not stress the sprocket wheel and its rung adjustment with the help of a tension ring with curve slot as its mental property.

The production of the calculating machines under the name "“Arithmometer"” started 1886 in Odhners own factory. In this time only few machines were produced. The later successful machines, which were produced by Odhner and the German company Grimme, Natalis & Co, are based on the German patent No. 64,925 from the year 1890.

Odhner increased 1894 its factory and manufactured beside calculating machines also still different mechanical devices. In the Russian-Japanese war 1904 to 1905 instead of calculating machines instruments for the naval artillery were manufactured. The firm founder W.T. Odhner did not experience the resumption of calculating machine production any longer. It died on 15 September 1905 in pc. Petersburg. Its company resettled after the October Revolution 1917 after in Sweden. Russian production amounted up to this year to approx. 30,000 calculating machines, which were set off to a large extent on the Russian market.

Around the turn of the century there were already several companies, which manufactured excluding calculating machines. The investment of Charles Xavier Thomas, the Landreformen and social pagings contributed to the fact that a flourishing market for calculating machines could develop.

The end of the mechanical calculating machines

With the discovery of the electricity mechanical were supplemented and replaced by electromechanical calculating machines. Replacing crank handles and - lever by an electric motor particularly meant with three and four-species machines substantial saving of time. In the year 1962 the first electronic desk calculator came on the market, the ANITA von Norman Kitz, built of the Bell Punch company into London. She worked with tubes. The first transistor desk calculator with transistors was built the Italian IME 84, starting from 1964. Finally through integrated circuits the machines became ever more efficiently and more compactly, in addition the current consumption reduced by more compact electronics.

The first commercially refugees electronic calculating machines with accumulators were 1970 the Sharp QT-8B and the Sanyo ICC 82-D. That end of 1970 published Sharp EL-8, which is usually considered as first pocket calculators, contained the same circuits as the QT-8B and was still thick around some compact, however still 67 mm. The development ran however so fast that already 1971 devices came on the market, which can be really called pocket calculators.

The electronic bag and desk calculator displaced the mechanical machines to end of the 1970er-Jahre practically completely.

Today the term calculating machine is usually used for electronic desk calculators, which are equipped with a small printer often, which makes control for the computation possible. In addition, to the calculating machines the pocket calculators belong and in the broader sense also the freely programmable computers, whose possibilities can go out however the usually far over conventional calculating machines and accomplish those theoretically (much memory and computing time presupposed infinitely) each kind computation. Today computers transferred personnel in many ranges the tasks of the classical calculating machines.

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