Deep Blue was of chess computers developed by IBM.

Deep Blue succeeded it as first computer of the world, an acting chess world champion, in particular Garri Kasparow to strike in a portion with regular time keepings. Kasparow could decide the first match on 10 February 1996 for itself; it won 3 portions, made 2 Remis and lost a portion, with which it struck Deep Blue 4:2. The first portion of the Matches, Deep Blue - Kasparow, Philadelphia 1996, 1. Match portion, became famous.

The first tournament victory

Subsequently, IBM equipped its machine with stronger hardware and began in May 1997 again against Kasparow. Deep Blue won the revenge 3,5:2,5. Thus the system was also the first computer, which a match on "“tournament conditions"” (there are no tournament conditions for computers, since they do not fatigue like humans) against an acting chess world champion for itself to decide knew. In the 6. and Kasparow broke in and had last portion also black completely one in of the shortest defeats of its career to put:

 1. e2-e4 c7-c6 2. d2-d4 d7-d5 3. Sb1-c3 d5xe4 4. Sc3xe4 Sb8-d7 5. Se4-g5 Sg8-f6 6. Lf1-d3 e7-e6 7. Sg1-f3 h7-h6 8. Sg5xe6 Dd8-e7 9. 0-0 f7xe6 10. Ld3-g6+ Ke8-d8 11. Lc1-f4 b7-b5 12. a2-a4 Lc8-b7 13. Tf1-e1 Sf6-d5 14. Lf4-g3 Kd8-c8 15. a4xb5 c6xb5 16. Dd1-d3 Lb7-c6 17. Lg6-f5 e6xf5 18. Te1xe7 Lf8xe7 19. c2-c4 1-0 

The system Deep Blue

Inventor of the project was Feng hsiung Hsu. It started it 1985 with the development one on a chip of integrated course generator as chip test to the Carnegie Mellon University and gave to the finished system the name Deep Thought, after the fictitious computer of the same name in the novel by hitchhikers by the galaxy of Douglas of Adam. 1989 joined Hsu the team of IBM and researched with Murray Campbell over problem definitions of the parallel calculation. Deep Blue developed from this work.

The system refers its play strength mainly from its enormous arithmetic performance. Deep Blue is a substantial parallel, FR-based RS/6000-Rechner with 32 knots and 256 special VLSI Schachprozessoren. Its chess often commodity is written in C and runs under the operating system AIX. It computed up to 100 million positions per second.

Its weighing function consisted of the extensive parameter evaluation implemented in hardware and the weighting of these parameters implemented in software (e.g. as importantly king security is in the comparison with a space advantage in the center, etc.). The optimal values of the parameters were determined by the system, by analyzing thousands of master portions. Before the second match the chess knowledge of the program was optimized by large master Joel Benjamin. The opening book came from the large masters Miguel Illescas, John Fedorovich and nods De Firmain.

After the lost match Kasparow, in some courses of the machine, meant which he did not understand high intelligence and creativity to have observed. Also he, the machine assumed could have helped during the play of humans. Kasparow required revenge, but IBM refused to the world champion, among other things due to the accusations, a Rematch and divided Deep Blue into its individual parts. Thus the system remained ungeschlagen for all time.

The modification of the code

Partly Kasparows accusations were justified. The rules offered the possibility to the programmers of modifying the program between the portions which they did extensively. The code was released and changed between the portions from errors, in order to adapt better in Kasparows style, which should protect artificial intelligence about, to fall a third time of a trap to the victim whom the world champion had placed to it already twice before. Thus Kasparow played actually after each change of code against another opponent. Hsu met this objection, by pointing out that also a human opponent from the portions already played learns and once made errors into further portions so far it goes avoids; however a change of the code corresponds neither to machine learning in the sense of artificial intelligence still natural learning of humans. Transferred to a human chess player a change of code means the exchange and/or a change of the brain, which is possible understandably for no humans.

The refused Rematch

In its book Behind Deep Blue: Building the computers that Defeated the World Chess champion stated Feng hsiung Hsu, he acquired the rights at the chess chips created by him from IBM, in order to build and accept with these Kasparows Rematch offer if necessary a still stronger machine, but Kasparow refused itself now to a Rematch.

Related links

• IBM Research over Deep Blue
• Open letter of Feng hsiung Hsu over the refused Rematch with Kasparow

Articles in category "Deep Blue"

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Related Websites

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• Deep Blue - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  The final game is at Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1997, Game 6. ... The Deep Blue chess computer which defeated Kasparov in 1997 could search to a depth of 12 ply. ...


• IBM Research | Deep Blue | Overview
  The IBM Deep Blue project began when Hsu and Murray Campbell (Hsu's classmate at ... Deep Blue's programming code is written in C and runs under the AIX ...


• Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
  In-depth coverage of the rematch, won by Deep Blue.


• Kasparov vs. Deep Blue: The Rematch
  Features official commentary, video, and essays: The match Kasparov lost against IBM's Deep Blue.