Verbesserungspotenzial

Already 1883 formulated the Netherlands Kryptologe Augusts Kerckhoffs on the assumption "„the enemy know the used system "“its maxim binding for respectable cryptography.

Kerckhoffs principle:

The cryptographic security of the ENIGMA depended - in the contradiction to Kerckhoffs' maxim - substantially on the secrecy of their roller wiring. This was unchangeably, thus a part of the algorithm and not the key. It is remarkable that the roller wiring was changed since the beginnings into the 1920er years until never 1945. Under the usual operating conditions of a as wide-spread cryptographic machine as the ENIGMA one may not assume that their algorithmic components can be kept secret in the long term, even if the Germans tried it.

A first possibility for the improvement of the ENIGMA would have been thus (for example annual) the complete replacement of the roller assortment. Rollers, whose internal wiring could be arranged key-dependent variable, would be still substantially more effective. Interestingly enough there was for this a beginning, i.e. the Umkehrwalze D, which exhibited exactly this characteristic, however only isolated to the employment came only late and probably. Further cryptographic stabilizations of the ENIGMA would have been relatively easily possible in the construction stage. Primarily one would have had to avoid the restriction on fixed point-free permutations. Also the Involutorik (code = decoding), comfortably for the operation, weakened the machine enormously. Both would have been avoided, one without the Umkehrwalze would have done.

Interestingly enough already an early of the ENIGMA I had adjustable key area of more than 200 billion eight next to each other firmly arranged (not exchangeable) rollers and one alone by the basic position (contrary to "„only "“17576 basic positions of the ENIGMA I). Besides this ENIGMA model had no Umkehrwalze, had thus also not their weaknesses. If one would have transferred and like the situation of the rollers would have arranged this basic construction with eight (only three) rollers exchangeable there to the ENIGMA I, a clearly stronger machine would have developed.

A further - very simple - possibility of arranging the machine safer is the use of more than one transfer notch. These notches are a component of each roller and continue to cause the transfer on the next, in the Walzensatz on the left of lying roller and provide in such a way for the continuous-switching operation of the rotors. For the code breakers it came very been appropriate the fact that they could assume 26 letters long alone the right roller rotated and only then on the middle rotor passed a continuous-switching operation. For relatively long text passages the ENIGMA consists thus of view of the Kryptanalysten of a only one turning (right) roller and, of middle and left roller as well as the Umkehrwalze an existing, as it were particularly thickens itself (being certain) Umkehrwalze. Only the transfer on the middle roller disturbs this. This highlight had a pointed name with the code breakers in Bletchley park even: They called it "„crab "“(English for "„crab "“), and the still rarer incrementing of the left roller were called more lobster "„"“(English for "„lobsters "“). If the rollers of the ENIGMA would have had eleven more than only one transfer notch, for example, then the Kryptanalyse would have been strongly disturbed by frequent "„crabs "“and "„lobsters "“.

Perhaps the technical designers of the ENIGMA were afraid a reduction of the period, which are the number of indications, after which the alphabet used for the coding repeats itself. The period amounts to been based with the ENIGMA I 26 25 26 = 16900, whereby the factor 25 is caused with the middle roller by (unimportant) an anomaly of the incrementing mechanism, on a constructional lack. In the case of use of a straight number or from thirteen transfer notches instead of only one the period would drop actually drastically, since these numbers exhibit common divisors with 26. With for example three, five, sieve, nine or eleven notches however exist this danger not, since these numbers are divisor strange to 26. Interestingly enough at the navy, in addition of of the ENIGMA I admitted five rollers, three further rollers begun (VI, VII and VIII), which more than one, i.e. two transfer notches to exhibit. Exclusively of the navy three rollers used avoided in addition a further error of the five rollers of the ENIGMA I, because they had their transfer notches all with identical letters. Not so the rollers I to V, which were much more easily identifiable owing to their notches arranged with different letters by observing one "„crab "“. The code breakers had formed for it (linguistically unreasonable) the noticing saying "„for Royal flag Wave Kings Above "“, which calls the respective letter, which always appears in the sight for the rollers I to V in this order, after a transfer took place on the next roller.

The German defense (secret service) by the way used a ENIGMA model (G-312), which an exclusive Walzensatz had, with which (three) the rollers actually exhibited several transfer notches, i.e. 11, 15 and/or 17 notches. Even the Umkehrwalze was swivelling - in contrast to the other ENIGMA models - and corotated. This strengthened the coding and ensured probably also for the fact that other German places could not along-read. However the defense did with these particularly compact and outstanding relating to crafts built ENIGMA without a plug board. The consequence was that it the code breakers of Bletchley park, at which point Dillwyn succeeded "„to Dilly "“Knox, to overcome and contribute in such a way to the fact also this coding that German agents could be already taken with their entry in receipt.

In summary the following points can be held for the cryptographic stabilization of the ENIGMA:

• identical coding permit
• Involutorik avoid
• several (e.g. eleven) transfer notches attach
• Transfer notches for all rollers identically arrange
• more than three rollers (e.g. eight) insert
• Extend roller assortment (e.g. ten instead of five)
• Roller wiring occasionally radically change
• do not use involutorische plugs

A completely simple method, which could have been introduced according to Gordon Welchman at any time easily, is the use of single-pole patch cords in place of the double-pole (involutorischen) cables. Then one would know for example X with U plugs and U now however not necessarily with X, but with any other arbitrary letter. Thus suddenly the Involutorik of the plug board could have been eliminated. This would have had catastrophic effects for the code breakers in Bletchley park after Welchman. A majority of methodology compiled there including "„diagonally the board invented by Welchman "“would have become useless. It writes "„the outputs OF hat 6 Ultra would have been reduced ton to RK best A delayed dribbles, as opposed tons our UP ton DATE flood. "“(German: "„the yield of the Ultra information from barrack six would have been reduced in the best case to a late contrary to our up to date tide. "“)

Authentic radiograms

- 83 - ADJ JNA - LMHNX WEKLM UERDS EVHLC JSQQK VLDES ANEVT YEDGI ZQDOD RMDKG SXGSQ SHDQP VIEAP IENLI CLZCL LAGWC BJZD - 149 - TLS CMU - FTMKV DRJMG FBUDK LZCTR FLTUU IWVJL OYKYX GDCKJ TMDFB WNLZQ JAXHP GGKFG SBZOQ KQKUK TINMH BAJOO AUILA QVFTK LSTMM XGAQL CNHUW LFHKA ULTXT BIVIF EWWDY PUCNS TPJHR OBWHE KYUSB CANYC W - 167 - MRJ LLT - KLIBM ERJAR WMMHJ STHOY OOIQB HSSZU EOOKF TASXN XVYWE SCTCH NRNBL ZPEBH XPAQE DFNYS XHMNI HRARO UNBMD ZRZDN WTGUI UCBZN ZTFJA EKOMJ AZILN RKVFD UNIEW ILZVL KQYYJ ANKXG NNNHT EMAVD FXKAY MLWCV QDFWX LO - 186 - DOQ VHZ - PBNXA SMDAX NOOYH RCZGV VZCBI GIBGW HMXKR RVQCF JCZPT UNSWA DDSTI GQQCS AGPKR XXLOM GFXAP HHMRF SDKYT MYPMV ROHAS QYRWF WVAVG CCUDB IBXXD YZSAC JSYOT MWUCN WOMHH JPYWD CCLUP GSWCL MBCZS SYXPG MGMQX AUFUL NOZEQ ENHEI ZZAKL C - 195 - EHW TNH - ABTWU GWDMP OGKMQ KBHGK HROUP RMYQY INHSA MWFBP CDQRG LDBFK YNXPP DIQHE AOIFQ AOLRZ ZFPDJ MCGEC TAHHQ MVUYA JIAWM WSOYU UTLEP AVZKG HJWCD LOQHW IMSTC LQDNP VCFCN FRUYR GSSJH ORQMU IFFYU WYNTA XPYIX MYTEE FTDCV EHUOA DCPLM APCAU JJYUK - 232 - KPL ZFT - IKPKE WZVTB TXWID JCJAN MPWQZ RKUGF TBBAL IERPD BCDVM ARZEL XXWKF ABVKI WFXDV HJGRR CUCQN YQGAE PNOYN LIYLC DGKYL TXTYP IVDGP YMZLY UXWQS FQLCB DELAN PXXWH TDMNQ ENFWA TJVHO EUPGO CQJCF WSLJR EJJFL TJFJT UIYKT - 241 - SDV RUD - TAZUK DVNNF AZOUV YYSXO ZLRJO TMMXK AWPVU TTUXS LAQOX GQUKX XKXAL URHGR SUOHD FJTRE TLFKD MGDXE MWIXX INTLG EDKVL RTJFX RFOIE NNIRR WFKTI BVFVE LLAWR GJNVB YHBZS CJVTZ PDBGV PBNNA LNAKX OUOJG WLJXO UXHDS HXJOU HVBVF DOLMN LYNVC MRGKK YTOCP DUEVN FMIPT GGJYA YBDES P - 272 - PPS QJH - QSDCK HQOGN OSAIC GADNM PJIAI NPWBM VLTKQ YUDII GWSHT TZEYE CCHFJ CNYBC HXZNE KOOMV OF TARGET NDDGR RXPMS GFOPY SJFSY SBYBS CSKDP IOBQM HSFKV MCSMD HYJNO CHB 

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